Apoptosis is the natural mechanism of programmed cell death cells. It is especially important in long-lived mammals because it plays an important role in both development and homeostasis. It is a highly regulated process that helps to eliminate unwanted cells. There are various conditions that activate the apoptotic pathway, such as DNA damage and uncontrolled proliferation. Apoptotic pathways are activated by both intracellular and extracellular signals. There are two different pathways leading to apoptosis, intrinsic and extrinsic which correlate with the type of signal transduction. They are also called mitochondrial receptor pathways. Intracellular signals include DNA damage, growth factor deprivation, and cytokine deprivation, but the most common extracellular signals are by cytotoxic T cells of the immune system in response to damaged or infected cells, the signal that causes death of the unwanted cells. The path converges on the execution caspase. Programmed cell death or inactivation of apoptosis is centre to the development of cancer. This inactivation of the apoptotic response may contribute significantly to both treatment and the observation that apoptosis is not the primary mechanism of cancer cell death in response to common treatment regimens in many tumors.

Apoptosis can be induced in cancer cells via endogenous and extrinsic pathways that converge on the regulation of caspase-dependent proteolysis of thousands of cellular proteins, membrane vesicle formation, and cleavage by endonucleases of chromosomal DNA. The morphological changes in apoptotic cell death that affect both the nucleus and cytoplasm are markedly similar between cell types and species. It usually takes several hours from the onset of cell death to the final fragmentation of cells. However, the time required depends on the cell type, stimulation, and apoptotic pathway.  Morphological features of nuclear apoptosis are chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, which are associated with cell roundness, decreased cell volume, and pseudopodia contraction. Chromatin condensation begins around the nuclear envelope, forming a crescent-shaped or ring-shaped structure. Chromatin continues to condense until it divides within cells with an intact membrane, a feature called karyorrhexis. The plasma membrane is intact throughout the process. In the late stages of apoptosis, some morphological features include organelles, and hyper structural modification of cytoplasmic cancer is a series of genetic conversions of normal cells into malignant cells while avoiding cell death. It is one of the essential changes in one cell that causes this malignant change in organelles and the loss of membrane integrity, which can be considered as the result of changes.

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