J Carcinog Mutagen: Call for Papers
Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis is a friend audited clinical diary in disease science. This Scientific Journal centers around the acknowledgment of cell reactions to DNA harm, apoptosis (cell passing), and inactivation of tumor silencer qualities and examination of the cancer-causing process by hereditary and epigenetic changes in qualities for the investigation of malignancy inception and movement.
This journal incorporates all the ongoing issues identified with change and carcinogenesis under its degree. This incorporates understanding general disease cell structure, identificati... Read More
Background:
For a long time, phenomenon of defective immune-surveillance in cancer patients from pathological standpoint was not elucidated. I have reported 1985 that lowering seral cyclic AMP is biochemical reason of defective immunesurveillance from adoptive lymphocyte immunotherapy experiment among cancer patients. Recently, Honjo Tasku et al., reported why T cell don’t attack 
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology considers articles on clinical ophthalmology related issues such as ophthalmia neonatorum, pterygium histology, aphakic glaucoma, acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR), hypertrophic pachymeningitis, phacomorphic glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, binasal hemianopsia, bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia, cycloplegic refraction, cycloplegic drugs, macular edema optical coherence tomography (OCT), juxta fovea retinal telangiectasis, central serous retinopathy treatment, involutional ectropion, impaired depth perception, lacrimal fist... 
The Journal of Clinical Toxicology (JCT) is Scholarly Open Access journal that deals with the study of xenobiotics and alsostudy toxic effects of agents (drugs) whose purpose is to ameliorate or prevent a disease. The journal addresses both scientific research and clinical advances in clinical toxicology. This free clinical journal provides an open access platform for researcher’s work in clinical toxicology in hospitals, academia, government or industrial sectors.
This Scientific journal includes a wide range of fields in its discipline to create a platform for the authors ... 
Bacteriology is the regular part of Microbiology, which centers around fundamental microbiology, have pathogen communications, natural chemistry, sub-atomic science and systems, environment and the study of disease transmission of microscopic organisms. Parasitology is a nearest relative of Medical Microbiology that envelops the parasite world running from protozoans to helminthes. The 
The case of a 39-year-old woman with vertical strabismus with no concordance between intraoperative findings and the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been presented here. Orbital MRI revealed apparent agenesis of the inferior rectus muscles. After undergoing surgery a satisfactory postoperative result with reduction of lateral incomitance has been observed.
A 39-year-old woman presented with incomitant right eye hypertropia (RHT), with bilateral limitation of infraduction and over-depression on adduction of the left eye. Orbital MRI revealed apparent agenesis of t... 
CIGB 814 is an Altered Peptide Ligand (APL) from a CD4+ T-cell epitope of human heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), an auto-antigen involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It induced mechanisms associated with restoration of peripheral tolerance in preclinical studies. This clinical trial was conducted to assess safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of CIGB-814 in patients with RA. 20 patients with moderated active RA were included in an open label trial. Sequential dose-escalation of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg of CIGB-814 was studied. Consecutive groups of six, five and nine patients receive... 
Note on Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an 
Artificial Intelligence
The aim of the 
Pulmonary
If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include 
On behalf of the 
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical res... 
Aging
Aging represents a paradox of immunodeficiency and inflammation (inflamm-aging) and autoimmunity. Over the lifespan there are changes in the architecture and functioning of the immune system often termed “Immunosenescence”. Recently, there have been major developments in understanding the cellular and molecular bases, and genetic and epigenetic changes, in innate and the adaptive immune system during aging.
Limited longitudinal studies have begun to reveal biomarkers of immune aging, which are recognized as an “immune risk profile... 
Neurological Disorders
Tauopathies are characterized by the aberrant modification, splicing, and aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein Tau into filamentous inclusions in neurons and glia. Tau pathology is present across a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, fronto-temporal dementias, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases, among others. Given the combined prevalence of these diseases and the importance of Tau pathology... 
Journal of Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology (JCEO) brings articles in all areas related to ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, ocular oncology, clinical ophthalmology, experimental ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, eye diseases, ophthalmic imaging, ophthalmscopy, glaucoma, vision research, cataract, cornea and corneal diseases, ocular microbiology, ophthalmic research .As a member of Publisher International Linking Association, PILA, Longdom Publishing SL’s JCEO follows the Creative Commons Attribution License and Scholars Open Access publishing policies.Journal of Clin... 
Journal of Clinical Toxicology - Open Access using online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems of OMICS Group for quality and quick review processing.OMICS Group is using Online Review and Editorial Tracking Systems for quality review process. Editorial Tracking System is an online submission and review system, where authors can submit manuscripts and track their progress. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions. Editors can manage the whole submission/review/revise/publish process. Publishers can see what manuscripts are in the pipeline awaiting publicati... 
Intravenous general anesthetics
Intravenously-delivered general anesthetics are typically small and highly lipophilic molecules. These characteristics facilitate their rapid preferential distribution into the brain and spinal cord, which are both highly vascularized and lipophilic. It is here where the actions of these drugs lead to general anesthesia induction.
Elimination
Following distribution into the central nervous system (CNS), the anesthetic drug then diffuses out of the CNS into the muscles and viscera, followed by adi... 
Modelling Risk and Decisions Analysis
Risks and their management are an integral part of decision making in the 21st century. A decision framework should allow groups of stakeholders to evaluate multiple-objective decisions and analyze trade-offs of various alternatives/scenarios/decision to be considered. However, formulating these alternatives, objectives, and trade-offs involves working with both facts (the uncertain state of the “world” one models) and values (what one deems important). Ideally, the facts and the values should be kept separate even... 
Pathology of asthma
Asthma is a serious health and socioeconomic issue all over the world, affecting more than 300 million individuals. The disease is considered as an inflammatory disease in the airway, leading to airway hyperresponsiveness, obstruction, mucus hyper-production and airway wall remodeling. The presence of airway inflammation in asthmatic patients has been found in the nineteenth century. As the information in patients with asthma increase, paradigm change in immunology and molecular biology have resulted in an extensive evaluation of inflammatory c... 
Journal of Clinical Toxicology - Open Access using online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems of OMICS Group for quality and quick review processing.OMICS Group is using Online Review and Editorial Tracking Systems for quality review process. Editorial Tracking System is an online submission and review system, where authors can submit manuscripts and track their progress. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions. Editors can manage the whole submission/review/revise/publish process. Publishers can see what manuscripts are in the pipeline awaiting publicati... 
The journal of Clinical Toxicology (JCT) is a broad-based journal founded on two key tenets: To publish the most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of Clinical Toxicology: Secondly, to provide a rapid turn-around time possible for reviewing and publishing and to disseminate the articles freely for research, teaching and reference purposes. It is basically aimed at the Clinical Practitioners, medical/ health practitioners, students, professionals and researchers and professional bodies and institutions.
Living organisms, particularly human are exposed to chemical subs... 
Public health
Public health has been defined as "the science and art of preventing disease”, prolonging life and improving quality of life through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals".Analyzing the determinants of health of a 
The birth of bacteriology
The field of 
Journal of Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology (JCEO) brings articles in all areas related to ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, ocular oncology, clinical ophthalmology, experimental ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, eye diseases, ophthalmic imaging, ophthalmscopy, glaucoma, vision research, cataract, cornea and corneal diseases, ocular microbiology, ophthalmic research.
The main aim of the Journal of Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology is to publish high quality research works and provide Open Access to the articles using this platform. The Journal offers a rap... 
Revolutionizing Undergraduate Immunology Education
Immunology has its developmental roots in understanding protection of the host from pathogens, leading to the development of vaccines and subsequently identification of soluble and cellular components of the immune system. Thus, immunology education has historically been tightly linked to infectious disease. Decades of research have demonstrated that the complexity and intricacies of the immune system are far greater than perhaps was once imagined. As a system that interfaces with all other organ systems in the bo... 
Vision is one of the most important senses we have. Vision care encompasses a number of medical, scientific, and social issues. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology is an important discussion and knowledge dissemination podium for the researchers, students and medical practitioners.
The eye is the only place in the body where both neurons and blood vessels can be directly visualized. These attributes have led to the common clinical practice for vascular diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, to have ocular assessment as a routine component of their management.... 
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread.Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements.While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes.Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity or excessive drinking of alcohol... 
On behalf of the 
Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can be mild, such as some cases of the common cold (among other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), and others that can be lethal, such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea. There are yet to be vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections. Coronaviruses constitute the subfami... 
On behalf of the 
On behalf of the 
Artificial Intelligence
Vaccines and Immunization
When a 
Vaccines and Immunization
When a 
Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy... 
Pupil Definition
The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris (the structure that gives our eyes their color). The function of the pupil is to allow light to enter the eye so it can be focused on the retina to begin the process of sight.
Pupil Function
Together, the iris and pupil control how much light enters the eye. Using the analogy of a camera, the pupil is the aperture of the eye and the iris is the diaphragm that controls the size of the aperture.
The size of the pupil is contro... 
Artificial Intelligence
Vaccination
Neural systems
Vaccines
Microbiology Society
The Microbiology Society (previously the Society for General Microbiology) is a learned society based in the United Kingdom with a worldwide membership based in universities, industry, hospitals, research institutes and schools. It is the largest learned microbiological society in Europe.[1] Interests of its members include basic and applied aspects of viruses, prions, bacteria, rickettsiae, mycoplasma, fungi, algae and protozoa, and all other aspects of microbiology. Its headquarters is at 14–16 Meredith Street, London.[2] The Society&#... 
Biosafety-Microbiology
Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health.[1] These prevention mechanisms include conduction of regular reviews of the biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful incidents. Many laboratories handling biohazards employ an ongoing risk management assessment and enforcement process for biosafety. Failures to follow such protocols can lead to increased risk of exposure to biohazards or... 
Retina, layer of nervous tissue that covers the inside of the back two-thirds of the eyeball, in which stimulation by light occurs, initiating the sensation of vision. The retina is actually an extension of the brain, formed embryonically from neural tissue and connected to the brain proper by the optic nerve. The retina is a complex transparent tissue consisting of several layers, only one of which contains light-sensitive photoreceptor cells. Light must pass through the overlying layers to reach the photoreceptor cells, which are of two types, rods and cones,... 
THYROID TESTS
Blood tests to measure these hormones are readily available and widely used, but not all are useful in all situations. Tests to evaluate thyroid function include the following:
TSH TESTS
The best way to initially test thyroid function is to measure the TSH level in a blood sample. Changes in TSH can serve as an “early warning system” – often occurring before the actual level of thyroid hormones in the body becomes too high or too low. A high TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is not making... 
Uveitis is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide and is comprised of a clinically heterogenous group of subtypes with diverse etiologies. A widely accepted hypothesis is that infectious agents and immunological abnormalities in genetically susceptible individuals may be responsible for the initiation and chronicity of uveitis. The majority of these uveitis subtypes are multifactorial, with the contribution of genetic inheritance, immune dysregulation and gut microbiota abnormalities all playing a part.
Both innate and adaptive immune responses are reported to be ac... 
Nanotechnology has become one of the fastest growing branches of science that has successfully solved problems in medicine, industry, pharmacy and agriculture. The preparation, characterization and applications have drawn the attention of researchers worldwide to contribute with new ideas and come up with unique new material. However, the same unique characteristics of engineered nanoparticles including small size, ability to cross cell membranes, and toxicity to cancer and microbial cells are indeed the same reasons they are categorized as hazardous pollutants when they finally reach open ... 
Flood mapping is an important aspect of flood risk management.
Flood hazard map predicts the expected water depths of an area flooded. The analysis is done in three different perspectives namely, a low/medium, high probability or extreme scenario. Flood Mapping Technology has applications in Near Real Time Flood Mapping and Monitoring, Flood Damage Assessment, Flood Hazard Zone Mapping, River Bank Erosion Mapping, Mapping changes in the river course.
The main components of near real time flood mapping and monitoring involves... 
The very first published article in the 
The very first published article in the 
Virus-Microbiology
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,[2] about 5,000 virus species have been described in detail,[3] of the millions of types of viruses in the environment.[4] Viru... 
Amoeba
An amoeba (/əˈmiːbə/; rarely spelt amœba; plural am(o)ebas or am(o)ebae /əˈmiːbi/),[1] often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.[2] Amoebae do not form a single taxonomic group; instead, they are found in every major lineage of eukaryotic organisms. Amoeboid cells occur not only among the protozoa, but also in fungi, algae, and animals.[3][4][5][6][7]
Microbiologists often use the terms "amoeboid&... 
Ciliated Foregut Cyst of Gallbladder: A Little Known Entity
Ciliated foregut cysts are rare masses that develop from the tissues which remain from embryological foregutdevelopment. In the literature, a few cases have been described in various organs so far. The solitary cysts arecharacterized by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. They are usually located above the diaphragm butthey can also arise in relation to the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Although rare, there is a risk of development ofsquamous cell carcinoma from these cysts that typical... 
Successful Surgical Management of Massive SuprachoroidalHaemorrhage Complicating Phacoemulsification
Purpose: To report a case of right eye massive suprachoroidal haemorrhage complicating phacoemulsification, which was treated successfully with drainage sclerotomy and pars plana vitrectomy.
Results: A 79-y old lady’s right eye vision improved from light perception to 6/60 following vitreoretinal surgery formassive suprachoroidal haemorrhage from phacoemulsification.
Conclusion: A relatively ... 
Plant are subject to high levels of DNA damage resulting from their obligatory dependence on sunlight and the associated exposure to environmental stresses. Irreversible DNA damage generated by genotoxic stresses hinders plant development and crop productivity. In order to maintain genome stability, plants have developed multiple mechanisms to detect and repair DNA damage. Among these, the intricate DNA damage response (DDR) network consists of an impressive array of DNA damage sensing and signal transduction pathways leading to DNA repair and cell survival or, alternatively, triggering cel... 
Adherence to Infection Prevention and Factors among Nurses in Jimma University Medical Center
Background: Adherence to infection prevention and control guidelines is critical to improving the quality of hospital care based on their efficacy in reducing the occurrence of infections that compromise patients’ outcome. Nurses are front line of protecting themselves and clients from infectious disease. Nurses perform clinical procedures or other activities that can generate waste and expose themselves and clients to potentially infectious disease. T... 
Thyroid disorders in India
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among working-age adults. Vision loss in DR can be caused by macular edema as the consequence of increased vascular permeability due to the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown and altered fluid movements into retinal tissue. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), characterized by neovascularization on the retinal surface, can cause severe vision loss caused by vitreous hemorrhage and/or traction retinal detachment. In addition, accumulating data suggest ... 
Evaluation of Diagnostic Significance and Cost Effectiveness of ELISA andIFA for the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Disorders
Background: The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases. AsClinicopathological classification of autoimmune diseases is difficult without laboratory support, laboratory testing isof helps in diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prediction of the pathological changes by disease activity. Althoughdifferent tests are available for ANA detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the mai... 
Photons are sensed by retinal photoreceptors whose matrix-like distribution underlies the transformation of the illumination pattern of the visual scene into a photoreceptor activity pattern in a visuotopic fashion. Activity of neighboring photoreceptors then are compared by secondary bipolar cells to decipher information regarding luminosity- and color-contrast and ultimately sent to retinal ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina. Bipolar cells achieve this by comparing illumination information received directly from their center receptive field with those come from spatially off... 
Thyroid Disorders and Therapy
Thyroid Disorders and Therapy, is a peer-reviewed online journal with 3 Issues print on demand compilation of issues published. The journal allows free access (Open Access) to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional / subject-based repository. The journal does not charge for submission, processing o... 
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer and 
Journal of Tumor Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal. It is obvious why open access and open data portals would be beneficial to the public: free information and more of it is empowering to society. The diversity of information available in Open Access also makes it possible for Scholars and other information users to have wide access to more information.
The journal invites different types of articles including original research article, review articles, short note communications, case reports, Editorials, letters to the Editors and expert opinions & comm... 
On behalf of the
General Virology:
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are genetically constructed hybrid receptors that consist of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of a monoclonal antibody as the antigen-binding extracellular domain, an intracellular CD3ζ chain as the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling domain, and an additional co-signaling domain, mainly CD28 or 4-1BB, to deliver co-stimulation. Cytotoxic activity of CAR T cells is determined by antigen-binding to the scFv leading to the phosphorylation of CD3ζ and to additional signaling cascades by co-stimulating domains. This mechanism recapitulates intracel... 
“
Study design and population
We conducted a cohort retrospective data study from two tertiary hospitals (Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital and Dharmais Hospital) between January 2015 to November 2017. There were 282 HCC patients recruited in this study (158 patients from Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital and 124 patients from Dharmais Hospital). The inclusion criterion was a confirmed HCC diagnosis, while patients with other malignancy and incomplete laboratory or clinical data were excluded.
Data collection
... 
Introduction
Granular cell tumor is a pathological entity that was first described by Abrikossof in 1926. Many locations were described. The most frequent one is the buccal mucosa especially on the tongue, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Granular cells tumor is rarely located in the perianal region . Granular cell tumors often occur between the 4th and 6th decades with a male predominance that can reach up to 68%. Although a malignant variant of this tumor exists, it barely presents 2% of all cases. The d... 
Journal of Surgery and Anesthesia Invites Editorial Board members
Microbes info
Girolamo Fracastoro, an Italian scholar, advanced the notion as early as the mid-1500s that contagion is an infection that passes from one thing to another. A description of precisely what is passed along eluded discovery until the late 1800s, when the work of many scientists, Pasteur foremost among them, determined the role of bacteria in fermentation and disease. Robert Koch, a German physician, defined the procedure (Koch’s postulates) for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease.
... 
Topic on Microbiology
Spontaneous generation versus biotic generation of life
The early Greeks believed that living things could originate from nonliving matter (abiogenesis) and that the goddess Gea could create life from stones. Aristotle discarded this notion, but he still held that animals could arise spontaneously from dissimilar organisms or from soil. His influence regarding this concept of spontaneous generation was still felt as late as the 17th century, but toward the end of that century a chain of observations... 
Standard antiretroviral therapy (ART) consists of the combination of at least three antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to maximally suppress the HIV virus and stop the progression of HIV disease. Huge reductions have been seen in rates of death and suffering when use is made of a potent ARV regimen, particularly in early stages of the disease.
Furthermore, expanded access to ART can also reduce the HIV transmission at population level, impact orphanhood and preserve families.
In 2011, an estimated 34 million people were living with HIV.
WHO and UNAIDS estimate that at ... 
Environmental Toxicants and Cardiopulmonary Consequences
Emerging evidence indicates that exposure to environmental toxicants including air pollutants (indoor and outdoor pollutants) and various contaminants present in drinking water and food have been shown to either contribute to or be associated with the development and progression of multiple cardiopulmonary diseases (CPD). According to the world health organization (WHO) statement, around 4.2 million deaths globally are linked to ambient air pollution, primarily due to heart disease, stroke, ... 
Potential triggers of sudden infant deaths: Infection and inflammation
There is a growing body of evidence that infectious agents or their products contribute to events leading to unexpected infant deaths. This issue summarizes the current information on the interactions between genetic background of the infant, environmental and developmental risk factors, and the microbial flora of the infant that could trigger lethal responses to common infections.
The evidence for the role of infection and inflammation in these deaths comes from a variety of sou... 
Origins of Human Neuropathology
The teneurins and latrophilins are essential for the function, maintenance and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). The goal of this Research Topic is to unite our understanding of the teneurins, and their cognate receptors, latrophilins, with the aim of establishing their integrated role with respect to interneuronal activity and how it relates to human pathology. Critical to the origin of the CNS is the intercellular adhesion and communication among sensory and motor cells to coordinate feeding, energy metabolism, growth and reproduction... 
Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins In The Feed And Food Chain
Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species, e.g. carcinogenic aflatoxins, genotoxic patulin, and nephrotoxic ochratoxin A, represent a major health threat to humans and livestock. These mycotoxins are known to affect a wide range of foods and drinks such as maize, coffee, wine, peanuts, dairy products, etc. The perceptible effects of climate changes on mycotoxin production in crops throw new light upon the economic and health risks of these notorious fungal secondary metabolites with the unprecedented detec... 
Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Psychiatric Conditions
Eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) is a model paradigm for associative learning, one of the most basic forms of learning and memory. Two major EBCC paradigms are utilized with human subjects. In delay EBCC, a conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., an auditory tone) co-terminates with the unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a corneal airpuff). In trace EBCC, CS presentation is followed by a silent interstimulus interval (which Pavlov termed the “trace” interval), with the US non-overlapping with the C... 
Mind’s Eye Inward: The Interplay between Selective Attention and Working Memory
Historically, cognitive sciences have considered selective attention and working memory as largely separated cognitive functions. That is, selective attention as a concept is typically reserved for the processes that allow for the prioritization of specific sensory input, while working memory entails more central structures for maintaining (and operating on) temporary mental representations. However, over the last decades various observations have been reported that question such... 
Ocular Motor and Vestibular Deficits in Neurometabolic, Neurogenetic, and Neurodegenerative Diseases
The study of eye movement is a rich source of information about brain functioning for neurologists and neuroscientists. The eye movements provide diagnostic clues, define, and localize motor and cognitive disorders. Objective eye movement assessments associated with clinical observation and genetic testing in neurometabolic and neurogenetic diseases provide insight into their pathophysiology and disease mechanism. Finally the eye movements may be u... 
Eye Movements: Role in Sports and Active Living
Eye movements are essential to collect accurate visual information from relevant scene locations, allowing optimal control of human movements in sports and active living. Vision provides, via feedback and feedforward modes, information for adjustments of the effector system to perform efficiently in a variety of environmental constraints. Beyond facilitating spatial perception and respective improvements in movement quality, gaze behavior reflects attentional and cognitive resources involved in motor performance. Spo... 
Neuroethics refers to two related fields of study:
what the philosopher Adina Roskies has called the ethics of neuroscience, and the neuroscience of ethics.The ethics of neuroscience comprises the bulk of work in neuroethics.
Key issues Brain interventions: The ethics of neurocognitive enhancement, that is the use of drugs and other brain interventions to make normal people "better than well", is an example of a neuroethical issue with both familiar and novel aspects.
Brain imaging: In addition to th... 
Ever since Regulatory T cells (T-Regs) were first defined as peripheral CD4+ T cells that express the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor alpha chain (IL-2Rα), there have been intensive efforts to determine the molecular mechanisms whereby this minor subset of CD4+ T cells (~ 5-10%) nonspecifically suppresses all potential effector T cells, whether reactive to self or non-self antigens. Multiple possible molecular mechanisms have been implicated, including the scavenging of IL-2 via the expression of high densities of IL-2Rs, the inhibition of antigen presentation via CTLA-4 molecules leadi... 
The 
Melanoma of the Ciliary Body of the Young Subject: A Case Report
Uveal melanomas are the most common primary intraocular. We report a case of melanoma of the ciliary body from the left eye of a 21 y old patient. Ophthalmological examination of the left eye revealed the presence of a poorly pigmented tumor that presses back the lower temporal equatorial lens. The bottom of the eye is uninterpretable. The ultrasound measurements of the tumor were 3.5 mm thick over 10 mm in diameter. The diagnosis of ciliary body melanoma was posed. However, the patient has atypical kar... 
In silico Prediction of Peptide based Vaccine against Fowlpox Virus (FPV)
Fowlpox virus (FPV) is double stranded DNA virus and a member of Poxviridae family which transmitted via aerosols and insect bite and causes cutaneous and diphtheritic infection in poultry population. This study aimed to design peptide vaccine by selecting all possible epitopes after analyzing of all FPV140 protein sequence reported in NCBI database using in silico approaches. After alignment of retrieved sequence the conserved region applied into IEDB analysis tool to predict B and T cell e... 
Microbes and disease
Girolamo Fracastoro, an Italian scholar, advanced the notion as early as the mid-1500s that contagion is an infection that passes from one thing to another. A description of precisely what is passed along eluded discovery until the late 1800s, when the work of many scientists, Pasteur foremost among them, determined the role of bacteria in fermentation and disease. Robert Koch, a German physician, defined the procedure (Koch’s postulates) for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease.
... 
Biotic Generation : Microbiology
Spontaneous generation versus biotic generation of life
The early Greeks believed that living things could originate from nonliving matter (abiogenesis) and that the goddess Gea could create life from stones. Aristotle discarded this notion, but he still held that animals could arise spontaneously from dissimilar organisms or from soil. His influence regarding this concept of spontaneous generation was still felt as late as the 17th century, but toward the end of that century a chain of o... 
Influenza virus (H1N1) is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish flu. It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. For this reason, they are described as H1N1, H1N2 etc. depending on the type of H or N antigens they express with metabolic synergy. Haemagglutinin causes red blood cells to clump together and binds the virus to the infected cell. Neuraminidase is a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps to move the virus p... 
Considering the community-level of low vision, evaluation the rate of satisfaction of different Low Vision Aids (LVAs) and Quality Of Life (QOL), in Low Visions (LV) who use a kind of them, is very important. This is a cross-sectional study. This study evaluated the rate of satisfaction and QOL in the patients who presented to Cheshmak LV centre in Malayer since 21 June 2012 till 21 June 2015 and received a kind of LVA, with a reliable interviewing questionnaire. Statistical testing was carried out by using the SPSS-18. Two tailed paired ttest and independent t-test were used. Differences w... 
Epidemiology of hypopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancers in Japan
BACKGROUND: Both hypopharyngeal cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are rare malignancies. However, it is reported that the incidences of these cancers have increased in Japan. It is known that smoking and drinking are risk factors for both cancers. Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) is regarded as a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. In this article the changes in the mortality rates of these cancers are described from the viewpoint of descriptive epidemiology.
M... 
Case History of Tumor Research
Introduction
Although the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occupy a relatively small anatomical space, they are the site of origin of some of the more complex, histologically diverse group of tumours in the entire human body. Carcinomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses account for 0.2-0.8% of all malignant neoplasms and 3% of those occurring in the head and neck. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma is a highly aggressive and clinicopathologically distinctive carcinoma of uncertain histogenesis ... 
Artificial Intelligence
Vaccines and Immunization
When a Vaccine is injected into the body is called as 
Health ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research. Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for 
Commentary on Association of mir12475p Expression with Clinicopathological Parameters and Prognosis in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. Although great advances have been made in clinical treatments, satisfactory outcomes have not always been achieved. Нus prevention and treatment of breast cancer still remains a concern and challenge for oncologists throughout the world. Early detection is one of the most important methods which might improve the survival of breast cancer... 
Organisation of a Clinical Laboratory
Lab management is the-
Planning/Strategy
Organization
Leadership
Staff management
The skill for management requeries-
Well organised
Good time management
Delegation
Communication
Problem solving
Leadership
Administrative and financial skills
Forward planning and strategic skills
... 
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a minimally invasive surgical treatment which uses nasal endoscopes to enlarge the nasal drainage pathways of the paranasal sinuses to improve sinus ventilation. This procedure is generally used to treat inflammatory and infectious sinus diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis that doesn't respond to drugs, nasal polyps, some cancers, and decompression of eye sockets/optic nerve in Graves’s ophthalmopathy.
In the surgery, an otolaryngologist removes the uncinate process of the ethmoid bone, while visualizing the nasal pass... 
Anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), or unconsciousness. A patient under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized.
Anesthesia enables the painless performance of medical procedure that would otherwise cause severe or intolerable pain to an unanesthetized patient, or would otherwise be technically unfea... 
Public policy is regularly shaken by health crises or unexpected discoveries; future directions in toxicology assessment are therefore urgently needed. This research topic focuses on the toxic effects of pesticides associated with large scale cultivation of genetically modified (GM) plants. Pesticides which are either already commercialized, either awaiting federal approval, include formulations based on glyphosate, glufosinate, bromoxynil, 2,4-D, dicamba, imidazolinones, sulfonylurea, as well as Bt toxins. Additionally, seeds are generally coated with neonicotinoids insecticides.
... 
The pupil response is more than a simple light evoked reflex. At any moment, the pupil diameter reflects the activity of complex neurological pathways to changes in the environmental illumination and autonomic activity through parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations. A mobile pupil also modulates retinal illumination and enhances visual performance by affecting depth of focus and optical aberrations. This Research Topic will therefore highlight the latest research on external and internal influences on pupillary responses in humans and animal models. Studies of afferent pathways can in... 
A plethora of natural and synthetic chemical compounds are industrially distributed around the world. However, shockingly, the majority of these chemicals have not been comprehensively evaluated for their safety and toxicity due to limitations of standard toxicity testing approaches. Such limitations are due to these methods being performed by in vivo or in vitro analysis for each chemical using experimental analysis or cultured cells, which are often costly and time-consuming processes. Thus, there is a dire need for novel toxicity testing approaches that are more time- a... 
The explosion of basic and applied immunology in the first decades of the 21st century has brought forth new opportunities and challenges for immunology education at all academic levels, from professional to undergraduate, medical, graduate and post-graduate instruction. Moreover, developing methods and techniques for educating general audiences on the importance and benefits of immunology will be critical for increasing public awareness and support.
One major immediate challenge consists in accommodating, within the confines of traditional immunology curricula, a body of kno... 
It has been over 70 years since Peter Medawar called the eye immune privileged based on the prolonged survival of allographs within the ocular microenvironment. Over this time, we have come to understand that this unique relationship between the ocular microenvironment and the immune system involves both local and systemic mechanisms of immune suppression and tolerance. This includes a physical blood barrier and lack of direct lymphatics. There are molecules both soluble and membrane-bound expressed by the cells of the ocular microenvironment that suppress immune cells from responding to tr... 
Protein kinase inhibitors (KIs) revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment. The number of regulatory agency-approved KIs continues to grow, and their clinical indications are rapidly expanding to non-cancerous diseases. KIs are very often used in the management of lifelong chronic diseases. However, serious adverse reactions, particularly hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, have significantly limited the clinical benefit of KIs. As of July 2019, over a quarter (13 out of 49) of FDA-approved small molecule KIs carry boxed warnings for various life-threatening toxicities in their label, ... 
Radiation oncology is uniquely positioned to harness the power of big data as vast amounts of data are generated at an unprecedented pace for individual patients in imaging studies and radiation treatments worldwide. The big data encountered in the radiotherapy clinic may include patient demographics stored in the electronic medical record (EMR) systems, plan settings and dose volumetric information of the tumors and normal tissues generated by treatment planning systems (TPS), anatomical and functional information from diagnostic and therapeutic imaging modalities (e.g., CT, PET, MRI and k... 
There are increasing lines of evidence showing that neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not limited to the brain but also occurs in the retina. Consequently, AD/PD patients can gradually develop vision problems. This neurological and ophthalmological disorder creates a pressing need for developing therapy to treat vision impairment in AD/PD. On the other hand, pathophysiological changes in the retina may reflect what might happen in the same diseases in the brain. Thus retinal studies may allow us to develop quantifiable measures for the... 
Background: An emerging paradigm in predictive toxicology is focused on the interaction among xenobiotics, the host and the microbiome. The outcome of this interaction is an important regulator of many diseases. The microbiome consists of the indigenous microbial communities and the host environment that they inhabit. The microbiome includes microbes that are both helpful and potentially harmful, and in a healthy individual, these microbial communities coexist without problems. However, when this balance is disturbed due to the exposure of xenobiotics, dysbyosis can occur. ... 
Neurodegeneration & Chronic Inflammation in Eye Disease
Chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration have a widely recognized role in the pathogenesis of the main retinal pathologies such as: age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and in some idiopathic vitreoretinal disorders such as epiretinal membranes. However the exact mechanism through which inflammation causes alteration of the retinal structure with consequent dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium, of neurons and ultimately of photoreceptors, is not entirely known, just... 
Clinical research is a branch of 
Part of Microbiology
Eukaryotes
Most living things that are visible to the naked eye in their adult form are eukaryotes, including humans. However, many eukaryotes are also microorganisms. Unlike bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes contain organelles such as the cell nucleus, the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in their cells. The nucleus is an organelle that houses the DNA that makes up a cell's genome. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) itself is arranged in complex chromosomes. Mitochondria are organelles vital in metabolism as they are th... 
Microbiology
Aging represents a paradox of immunodeficiency and inflammation (inflamm-aging) and autoimmunity. Over the lifespan there are changes in the architecture and functioning of the immune system often termed “Immunosenescence”. Recently, there have been major developments in understanding the cellular and molecular bases, and genetic and epigenetic changes, in innate and the adaptive immune system during aging.
Limited longitudinal studies have begun to reveal biomarkers of immune aging, which are recognized as an “immune risk profile” (IRP) predicting mortalit... 
Vitiligo results from a selective loss of epidermal melanocytes and affects around 0.5% of the world population. Both sexes are affected, and there are no apparent differences in rates of occurrence according to phototype or ethnicity. Vitiligo is a disfiguring disease that remains a therapeutic challenge. A better understanding of the physio-pathology of this disease and the testing of new promising targeted therapies remains of utmost importance for patients.
Vitiligo is a complex disease, involving a combination of genetic and environmental factors, together with metabolic and ... 
CX3CR1 Contributes to Nasal Neutrophilia in Airways Allergy: Novel Role for IL-8 in Inducing CX3CR1Expression by Neutrophils
Background: CX3CR1 is involved in promotion of inflammation by recruiting inflammatory cells to the inflamed tissue. However, no reports studied their expression by neutrophils infiltrating the nasal tissue in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with or without associated airways allergy.
Objectives: Our objectives were to evaluate the expression of CX3CR1 by neutrophil infiltrating the inflamed ... 
Testis Morphologic Assessment in Patients undergoing Sex Reassignment Surgery with Gender Dysphoria
Purpose: To study the morphologic changes to testicular architecture in response to estrogen therapy in gender dysphoric patients undergoing sexual reassignment surgery. Materials and methods: A retrospective morphologic review of testicular architecture was performed on ten cases of male-to-female sex reassignment surgery testis from the University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences system. Cases were from adult males undergoing... 
Artificial Intelligence
Vaccines and Immunization
When a Vaccine is injected into the body is called as 
Neuroethics refers to two related fields of study: what the philosopher Adina Roskies has called the ethics of neuroscience, and the neuroscience of ethics.The ethics of neuroscience comprises the bulk of work in neuroethics. It concerns the ethical, legal and social impact of neuroscience, including the ways in which neurotechnology can be used to predict or alter human behavior and "the implications of our mechanistic understanding of brain function for society... integrating neuroscientific knowledge with ethical and social thought".
Bra... 
In Iran, Deaths due to coronary artery diseases is very increasing. And unfortunately every year due to lack of physical activity and decreased cardio activity the age group of this disease is decreasing in a way that now this disease is seen in the youth, And one of basic tools is changing the patients lifestyle in the educational program as a part of the treatment plan. This study has been done with the aim to compare the traditional training methods based on Health Belief Models on exercise performance in patients with myocardial infarction. In this Quasi- Experimental Research 74 patien... 
As prophylactic therapies and vaccines against viral infections continue to improve, drug resistant strains are continuing to arise; therefore it is imperative to develop new therapeutics against these diseases. For highly pathogenic viruses, such as Ebola and H5N1 influenza virus, the need for antivirals is even more urgent due to limited therapeutics against these viruses. Furthermore, the high pathogenicity of such viruses often makes it difficult to work with such agents. In this report, we describe a protocol called “One-stone-two-birds” which provides a safe and efficient ... 
Full-length cDNA clones derived from genomic RNA (gRNA) and subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) of Calibrachoa mottle virus (CbMV) were constructed under the control of the T7 RNA promoter and ligated into plasmid pUC-18. The capped and uncapped in vitro transcripts, synthesized from full length genomic cDNA clone pUC-CbMV-FL generated chlorotic local lesions on mechanical inoculated Chenopodium quinoa within 10 to 15 days post-inoculation. The progeny virions recovered from inoculated symptomatic leaves had the same morphological properties as the parental virions. These virions are also reacted posi... 
Our aim is to provide the surgeons, refractive surgeons, optometrists, opticians, young researchers, students, industrial delegates and anyone professionally involved in study of 
Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence
There is an increasing need for the application of 
Oral cancer occurs globally in approximately 355,000 people a year, with a progressive increase in the last decades. Nonetheless, diagnosis, tumor staging, treatment, and survival results have not significantly improved over the last 50 years.
Recent advances in basic and translational research allowed to better clarify the etiopathogenetic mechanisms initiating and driving oral cancer, with a particular focus on its interrelation with the surrounding microenvironment and immune contexture. On this conceptual basis, a comprehensive analysis of individual patients through prec... 
Every year at least 1.3 million of newly diagnosed cancers, accounting for 12% of all diagnosis worldwide, are a direct consequence of different oncogenic viral infections. These chronic viral infections and viral-associated malignancies are present in all geographic locations but are more prevalent in developing countries. However, their prevalence in developed countries is increasing due to multiple factors including iatrogenic immunosuppression, HIV infection, changes in sexual practices and immigration patterns.
Even though oncogenic viruses are genetically diverse ‐ wi... 
Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as the fourth treatment modality, in addition to surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These advances are the result of important discoveries in the field of regulation of the immune response, specially on the mechanisms which turn "on" and "off" immune responses. A disease which has proved to be a canonical model to test therapeutic immunotherapy approaches is the immunogenic cutaneous melanoma. So far, "passive" immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies has outpaced "active" immunotherapy with antitumor vac... 
Rheumatoid joint inflammation is analyzed dependent on the aftereffects of joint x-beams and a rheumatoid factor test (which is sure in about 70% of individuals with side effects). It might likewise be found in those without rheumatoid joint inflammation, so it normally isn't utilized alone for a conclusion.
An increasingly explicit blood test known as the counter cyclic citrullinated peptide (against CCP) may likewise be requested. Individuals who are certain for against CCP for the most part have rheumatoid joint pain.
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sed rate) ... 
Rheumatoid joint pain is a long haul, immune system malady that causes joint growing (aggravation), torment, redness, warmth, and firmness. The wrists, fingers, knees, feet, and lower legs are most ordinarily included. The reason for rheumatoid joint inflammation isn't known. Rheumatoid joint inflammation for the most part influences joints on the two sides of the body similarly, and grows gradually after some time. It can likewise influence different organs in the body. Beginning treatment at analysis can assist with constraining changeless joint devastation.
About 1%, or 1 o... 
Impact of progression at baseline and on-treatment progression events in three large prostate cancer trials
Abstract
Background
There is a discussion about the optimal timing to initiate or switch treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). This post hoc analysis of 3 large trials for men with mCRPC examined the influence of the type of progression at initiation of first-line chemotherapy, as well as the type of progression during treatment, on treatment outcomes.
Met... 
Eukaryotes –Part of Microbiology
Eukaryotes
Most living things that are visible to the naked eye in their adult form are eukaryotes, including humans. However, many eukaryotes are also microorganisms. Unlike bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes contain organelles such as the cell nucleus, the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in their cells. The nucleus is an organelle that houses the DNA that makes up a cell's genome. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) itself is arranged in complex chromosomes. Mitochondria are organelles vital in metabol... 
Evolution - Applied Microbiology
Working stance is the stance received by a worker while performing work assignments. It very well may be adjusted regularly, or a solitary stance can be continued for an all-inclusive time. The human body can be spoken to by sections, for example, an arm, lower arm, thigh or trunk, associated with different portions by joints. Working stance can be portrayed by points between body sections.
Musculoskeletal burden identified with word related work is regularly a reason in the improvement of business related musculoskeletal issue (MSDs). The danger of creating musculoskeletal issue ... 
Effect of organised cervical cancer screening on cervical cancer mortality in Europe
Abstract
Background
Organised cervical cancer (CC) screening programmes are delivered in many different ways across the European Union and its regions. Our aim was to systematically review the impact of these programs on CC mortality.
Methods
Two independent reviewers identified all eligible studies investigating the effect of organised screening on CC mortality in Europe. Six databases incl... 
What is an 
Animal ethics is a term used in academia to name the branch of 
Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research. Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for 
The aim of the present study was to characterise anti-vaccinia virus activities of anionic exopolysaccharides TK V3 isolated from cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis and an exopolysaccharide isolated from the rhodophyt Porphyridium purpureum, respectively. These substances have previously been shown to be active against other enveloped viruses. We determined the in vitro inhibition of GFP-expressing vaccinia virus replication of 50 % at a concentration of 0.65 µg/ ml for EPS and of 0.78 µg/ml for TK V3. Substances also had an antiviral effect against ectromelia virus which is a... 
Accurate quantifi cation of HIV-1 viral load (VL) is crucial for disease monitoring and management. This study was designed to compare HIV-1 VL determination between two of the major commercial real-time PCR-based methods, i.e., the Roche’s COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Test and the Abbott Real Time HIV-1 Assay. Out of 308 paired plasma tested, 85.1% (262/308) of test results were concordant with 173 samples were quantifi able for VL and 89 were “Not Detected” (ND). There was a strong overall correlation of the quantifi able VL between the two methods (R2 =0.952). Com... 
Giant Lipoma of the Shoulder: A Conundrum in a Child
Lipomas are the most common soft tissue tumors that are encountered in clinical practice; however, the giant lipomas are extremely uncommon and are entities of great concern as they can often create a diagnostic dilemma and therapeutic challenge owing to their size, location and their close relationship with other benign and malignant mesenchymal neoplasms. These tumors are rarer in children as compared to the adults, with very few cases reported in the surgical literature worldwide. We herein present a case of a g... 
Enhanced Expression of Robo4 Ameliorates LPS Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice through Binding to Rhoa
Robo4 maintains the barrier function of the mature vascular network by inhibiting endothelial permeability induced by pro-angiogenic factor and the function of Robo4 was tissue specific. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and signaling pathways of Robo4 in pulmonary endothelial permeability in Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Mice were challenged by intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of LPS (15 mg/kg) 48 h after ... 
On behalf of the 
Applications of Microbiology
While some fear microbes due to the association of some microbes with various human diseases, many microbes are also responsible for numerous beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation (e.g. the production of alcohol, vinegar and dairy products), antibiotic production and act as molecular vehicles to transfer DNA to complex organisms such as plants and animals. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge of microbes to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other gene... 
Birth of Applied Microbiology
Recognition of oesophageal injury is often delayed due to its protean manifestations. Principles of management are: control of sepsis and contamination by diversion and/ or drainage, nutrition, broad spectrum antibiotics and restoration of continuity. Age, general condition of the patient, aetiology, the anatomical location and size of perforation, early versus delayed presentation, clinical condition of the patient, underlying oesophageal disease and other associated co-morbid medical conditions are important determinants of the outcome. Primary repair is the gold standard treatment in ear... 
The mediastinum starts from thoracic inlet superiorly and up to the diaphragm inferiorly, bounded laterally by both the pleura. It’s further divided into anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum to categorize the tumor and diseases of mediastinum according to their site and location. A variety of tumor and cysts occur in the mediastinum and affect people of all ages. Primary mediastinal tumors are rare representing 3% of all tumors within the chest with an average incidence of 8 cases seen per year2-4. Neoplastic masses can be both benign and malignant in nature and can be primary o... 
A study on the prevalence of common intestinal parasitic diseases with a high carriage rate within the global population in Senegal was conducted among HIV-infected persons. A systematic parasitological stool test from 150 patients HIV infected showed a low carriage rate10.6% (16/150). The following parasites were isolated: Entamoeba coli 4% (6/150), Ascaris lumbricoides 2.6% (4/150) and Trichuris trichiura 1.3% (2/150). The 31-50 age group was the most affected one. The carriage rate stood at 93.3% among patients with a CD4 T-cell rate <500/ mm3, without any significant difference compa... 
Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion. When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an induced abortion, or less frequently "induced miscarriage". The unmodified word abortion generally refers to an induced abortion. A similar procedure after the fetus has potential to survive outside the womb is known as a "late termination of pregnancy" or less accurate... 
Gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is a medical field which focuses on the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980 by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans, approved by the National Institutes of Health, was performed in May 1989.
Cell types:
Somatic: In somatic cell gene therapy (SCGT), the therapeutic genes are transferred into any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte, or undifferen... 
Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence
There is an increasing need for the application of 
"
Death from cancer among intellectually disabled persons in Japan
BACKGROUND: It is important to know the causes of death of intellectually disabled (ID) persons, but there have been few reports about them in Japan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The numbers of deaths due to the diseases of the large classification of the ICD10 (Chapters 1-14) in 2005 in 5-year age categories were obtained from the vital statistics of Japan (excluding Chapters 15-22; i.e., external causes, etc.). The numbers of persons in 2005 in 5-year... 
Methods of inducing breast cancer in animal models: a systematic review
Abstract
Objective: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death and the most common cancer in women. With respect to a large number of limitations in human studies, there is the need to develop experimental animal models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of breast cancer in laboratory animals.
Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA checklist. Articl... 
Immunoinformatics Approach-Multiple Peptides Vaccine Design from Glycoprotein E of Herpes Simplex Virus-3
Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen, causing infections of orofacial mucosal surfaces (HSV-1) and genital mucosal surfaces (HSV-2). Productive infection results in the formation of vesicular lesions in the mucosal epithelia, followed by spread of the virus to sensory neurons and establishment of a latent infection that may remain for the life of the host. Material and method: All sequences of glycoprotein E [Human herpes virus 3] ... 
Advances in 3D Printing:
Traditionally, 
The conventional diagnosis of congenital rubella is a rare occurrence of an obvious maternal exposure, resulting in an infant born with obvious signs such as cataracts, deafness, microcephaly or congenital heart disease. In this case, a mother with no known symptom, sign or exposure of rubella gave birth to a male infant without complication. The infant had no notable abnormalities at birth. The boy had developmentally delayed, and between the ages of five and seven years was diagnosed with autism. At the age of ten years, an MRI of his brain evidenced a remote stroke. Careful examination o... 
Medical Microbiology : A Guide to Microbial Infections
Applied Microbiology: Open Access is a scholarly open access journal that deals with the study of Medical microbiology the study of the pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness, Pharmaceutical microbiology the study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins and vaccines, Industrial microbiology the exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes
... 
Latest update of Applied Microbiology
LATEST RESEARCH NEWS ON SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
We have determined how most of the transcriptional regulators encoded within the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiaeassociate with genes across the genome in living cells. even as maps of metabolic networks describe the potential pathways which will be employed by a cell to accomplish metabolic processes, this network of regulator-gene interactions describes poten... 
Bioethics reflects about much health related issues. Spiritual aspects involved in decision making are one of them. The inclusion of spiritual aspects in the Bioethics arena does not remove the secular character of bioethical reflection. In contrast, considering spiritual aspects may gave a broad and more complex understanding about motivations associated with the decisions that people make the Clinical Bioethics Committee of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, since 1993, had the mission to assist health professionals, patients and families in bioethical issues associated with... 
Introduction:
Emergency hospital admissions have been increasing in the UK over recent years [1,2]. With the predicted increase of about 53% in the proportion of people aged 65 and over in the UK between 2001 and 2013 [3] this trend is set to continue as some evidence suggest that the ageing population structure will be associated with increases in the number and frequency of emergency admissions [4]. In addition to its impact on health service resources, hospitalisation can lead to adverse consequences particularly for older people, including bre... 
Bacteriophages are viruses infecting bacteria; they are obligate intracellular parasites also require their own metabolism. Phages are excessively host-specific, capable only to infect certain classifications or even strains. Following their detection beginning in the 20th century, phages were expansively applied to treat diverse bacterial disorders in people and animals. At present, as the problem of antibiotic resistance serves ever more severe, several scientists also clinicians are observing again at bacteriophages as a therapeutic choice in the treatment of bacterial infections. The ai... 
The drug industry is one of the major players guiding the development of the medicines, biotechnology & pharmacology field. Drug discovery is the process by which drugs are discovered and designed. It is a process which aims at identifying a compound therapeutically useful in curing & treating disease. The process of drug discovery involves the identification of candidates, synthesis, characterization, screening & assays for therapeutic efficacy. Once a compound has shown its value in these tests, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. Developing... 
It is imperative to continue efforts to identify novel effective therapies that can assist in containing the spread of HIV. Recently acquired knowledge about the HIV entry process points to new strategies to block viral entry. For most HIV strains, the successful infection of their target cells is mainly dependent on the presence of the CD4 surface molecule, which serves as the primary virus receptor. The attachment of the viral envelope to this cellular CD4 receptor can be considered as an ideal target with multiple windows of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Therefore, drugs that... 
Sociology is the field of sciences worried about the investigations of the public activity of human gatherings and people. Social examinations is a term used to portray the expansive investigation of different fields which includes past and current human conduct and connections.
Research &Review: Journal of Social Science on revelation and development in different angles like Sociology, Geography, Economics, History, Cultural examinations, Ethnography, Sociolinguistics, Home science, Demography, Political sciences and so forth Surveys, Mini Reviews, Short Communications, Persp... 
Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive remedy is an open access, peer reviewed journal that publishes data on clinical, preventative, healing and social factors of Transmittable diseases.
Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive medication focus on discovery and innovation in more than a few aspects of Infectious Disease Eradication, Neglected Diseases, Nosocomial Infection, Threshold Host Density, Microbiome Project, Pandemics, Mycology, Airborne Disease etc. Reviews, Mini Reviews, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives/Opinions, Letters, Short Note and ... 
The microorganisms impact the endurance of each animal on the planet. Not every one of them causes sicknesses but rather larger part is totally innocuous. As Bacteria and Parasite are an extent of Microbiology, they are additionally the explanation behind existing diseases on the planet. On a very basic level, we need to understand that Disease is the point at which the contamination makes harm the person's essential capacities or frameworks. A contamination doesn't generally bring about sickness! They cause reactions as well as these moment living things are fundamental to the cycl... 
Meningioma with Remarkable Multiple Rosette Formation: A Diagnostically Difficult Case
Lipomas are the most common soft tissue tumors that are encountered in clinical practice; however, the giant lipomas are extremely uncommon and are entities of great concern as they can often create a diagnostic dilemma and therapeutic challenge owing to their size, location and their close relationship with other benign and malignant mesenchymal neoplasms. These tumors are rarer in children as compared to the adults, with very few cases reported in the surgical literature world... 
Immunotherapy: Open Access has published an article entitled “Bidirectional Regulation of A beta Aggregates: Focus on TherapeuticTargets for Alzheimer's Disease” in its volume 3 Issue 3 written by Ying Zhang, and Jiang-Tao Li.
The article explains about Bidirectional Regulation of A beta Aggregates: Focus on TherapeuticTargets for Alzheimer's Disease.
Commentary was as follows regarding Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent dementia of agingadult, characterized... 
Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology is a fast-developing open access journal in the field of cancer research. It focuses on becoming one of the best peer reviewed journal in the field of cancer research. Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology covers a broad scope for the authors to make their valuable contributions in cancer biology, tumor, radiology, metastatis, cancer immunotherapy, oncology, radiation therapy etc
This Journal provides a unique forum dedicated to scientists to express their research articles, review articles, case reports and ... 
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science which deals with an organism’s response towards an invading environmental factor. This process involves a complex interplay of invading particle and defence system of the host organism along with successive cascading molecular mechanism to eliminate the invading agent.
Immunotherpay: Open Access is using Editorial Tracking System for quality in review process. Editorial Tracking is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems used by most of the best open access journals. Review processing is perfo... 
Food Microbiology – main part to learn to be healthy
Applied Microbiology: Open Access is a scholarly open access journal that deals with the study of Medical microbiology the study of the pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness, Pharmaceutical microbiology the study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins and vaccines, Industrial microbiology the exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes
It’s our privilege to recite you as a foremost strategist in the realm o... 
Inviting for Articles : Applied Microbiology
Applied Microbiology is a peer-reviewed Open Access Journal, encourages on-going international research and articles related to but not limited to Medical microbiology, pathogenic microbes, Pharmaceutical microbiology (antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines) Industrial microbiology, Microbial biotechnology, Plant pathology, Veterinary, Food, Agricultural, Soil, Environmental Microbiology, etc.
It’s our privilege to recite you as a foremost strategist in the realm of research and invite... 
Diverse Diagnosis of a Single Sinonasal Mass and how was Mystery Solved
Abstract
Background: Although the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occupy a relatively small anatomical space, they are the site of origin of some of the more complex, histologically diverse group of tumours in the entire human body. Carcinomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses account for 0.2-0.8% of all malignant neoplasms and 3% of those occurring in the head and neck. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma is a very rare tumour with fewe... 
Multifocal Angiosarcoma of the Scalp: Review of the Literature and Report of Two Cases
Abstract
Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the head and neck is a rare disease with a very difficult treatment. We report two cases of patients with cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp and a review of the literature. Both patients were female and their average age was 70.3 years. In the two cases, the clinical presentation of the angiosarcoma was a multifocal tumor of the scalp with bleeding and ulceration. One of the patients had regional lymph node metastas... 
The 
Our aim is to provide the surgeons, refractive surgeons, optometrists, opticians, young researchers, students, industrial delegates and anyone professionally involved in study of 
Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology brings articles in all areas related to cancer immunotherapy, immunotherapy, tumor immunology, necrosis, nucleic acid research, immune suppression, immunosurveillance, tumor immunity, immunotherapies, metastatic cancer, immune system, chemotherapy, etc.
Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology is a fast-developing open access journal in the field of cancer research. It focuses on becoming one of the best peer reviewed journal in the field of cancer research. Journal of Cancer Research and Immuno-Oncology c... 
Teucrium (Lamiaceae) is a large and polymorphic genus distributed mainly in the Europe, North Africa and in the temperate parts of Asia. In Iran, 12 species are native. In this study, the anatomical features of the leaf and stem Teucrium polium are investigated. T. polium belonging to sect. Polium is a perennial herb growing on Lorestan province. The anatomical studies on T. polium revealed that the stem shares the general characteristics of the Labiatae family. The leaves clearly exhibit xeromorphy due to features such as the thick cuticle layer, thick outer epidermal cell wall, a high den... 
The seed morphology of six species of the genus Juncus L. (Juncaceae), involving wild annuals and perennials was studied in Northeast of Iran using Light and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Seed morphology (light microscope) of the investigated species exhibits certain variations in shape, size and surface ornamentation. Results of SEM analysis reveals that there are different patterns of seed surface. Seed shape and surface structure exhibit some diversity among taxa indicating systematic significance in species differentiation. An identification key to the investigated taxa is provide... 
Dengue fever has become a global concern as dengue infections are prevalent in the tropics and the subtropics, and can lead to a severe life-threatening illness. Currently, there is a widespread interest to search for vaccine or antiviral therapy to combat DENV infection. In this study, we have identified emetine dihydrochloride with potent antiviral activity against DENV infection. Emetine was also shown to inhibit DENV replication consistently in all the dengue serotypes. Experiments were designed to define the stage of viral replication cycle at which emetine blocked DENV infection. Emet... 
HIV infection is a leading health problem across the entire world, including United States. Recent advances in medicine have led to a significant decline in mortality associated with HIV infection and hence increased life expectancy in HIV-infected individuals. Cardiovascular complications represent an increasingly important health concern in HIV-infected population especially after the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy. Numerous research studies have demonstrated the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in HIV infected individuals. The etiology of the preponderance of cardi... 
Issues and Perspectives in Psoriasis Management
Psoriasis is recognized as a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease caused by genetics, the immune system and environmental factors with inherent aberrations in the skin in the form of either consistently excess proliferation of cellular constituents, particularly the epidermis, keratinocytes to hyperproliferate and perpetuate the disease process. Psoriasis varies in severity from small, localized patches to complete body coverage. These skin patches are typically red, dry, itchy and scaly. Humans lose five thousand million skin cel... 
The 
Our aim is to provide the surgeons, refractive surgeons, optometrists, opticians, young researchers, students, industrial delegates and anyone professionally involved in study of 
Trauma continues to remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed countries. Hemorrhage is the second most common cause of death after trauma, only outnumbered by traumatic brain injury. Exsanguinating hemorrhage is the most common cause of mortality in the first hour of arrival to a trauma center and accounts for almost half of deaths in the first 24 h. In addition, about 20-40% of trauma deaths that occur after hospital admission usually involve massive hemorrhage, in which dea... 
The Recent published article in the