The exploration, production, and environmental biotechnology of petroleum are all topics covered in the Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology. Petroleum exploration and production involves extracting hydrocarbons from the earth's underground reservoirs with the aid of several different disciplines, including petroleum geology, drilling, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, completions, and oil and gas facilities engineering. Crude oil or natural gas are two of the available forms of the hydrocarbons that were generated. Environmental engineering is a method for integrating science and engineering that can be used to enhance the quality of the environment, including the air, water, and land.

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Hazards to human health and environmental contamination can result from poor solid waste management (SWM). Solid waste either contains or generates a number of pollutants that pose a threat to human health. Human exposure is influenced by a number of variables, and it is important to consider the relationships between potential sources of exposure to various solid waste treatment and disposal practises, potential environmental transport pathways through which the human receptor may absorb contaminants, and potential negative health effects. Direct skin contact with waste, consumption of toxins through contaminated air, inhalation of contaminants through contaminated water, soil, or plants, and build-up of contaminants in the food chain are some of the typical exposure routes.

Waste-borne diseases could potentially be transmitted by vectors like insects. Leachate from landfills and dumpsites can also enter groundwater, causing increased dangers for human health, if the site's location is inadequate and the waterproof layer is not properly planned. Practices like burning rubbish in the open might produce by-products like dioxins. Dioxin exposure over an extended period of time may have hazardous or cancer-causing consequences (WHO, 2019a). Due to the fact that dioxins disintegrate very slowly and can bio accumulate throughout the food chain, in this situation, the main method by which the human population is exposed to them is through consumption of contaminated foods of animal origin.

Moving from low to high income levels typically improves the SWM in this situation. It should come as no surprise that research on solid waste and health dangers has primarily been done in industrialised nations, with an emphasis on landfills and incinerators. However, open rubbish burning and dumpsites are riskier activities that are more prevalent in low- and middle-income nations (LMICs).

The limited research that have been conducted on solid waste and health concerns in rural LMICs have mostly been cross-sectional analyses of relationships between exposure to SWM sites and self-reported health outcomes. There are few studies quantifying the health risks associated with SWM in rural LMICs, and little is known about the relative contributions of various SWM activities and exposure pathways to health concerns. Despite the fact that it would be challenging and expensive to directly test and quantify each exposure pathway and risk, other fields have created semi-quantitative intermediary approaches to assess this using a qualitative and quantitative approach.